w88 slotThe latest research results of Professor Zhang Yi and his collaborators "Constructing China's Independent Public Policy Evaluation Knowledge System: Necessity、Basic Framework and Main Approaches" published in "Academic Monthly" in April 2024。
Main point
Public policy evaluation has a long history in China，The early application can be traced back to the assessment of official performance and merits and demerits of serving officials since the Han Dynasty，Keeping pace with 20th century public policy evaluation based on social science methodology，Is one of the two streams of public policy evaluation applications。The application of public policy evaluation as a social science in China began in the 1950s，The academic research and exploration of public policy evaluation theory began around 2000。The existing public policy evaluation knowledge system mainly has two shortcomings: First, at the beginning of the construction of the evaluation knowledge system, Western evaluation theories were mainly introduced，As China’s public policy evaluation system enters the deep water zone of institutional and mechanism construction，The inapplicability between Western theories that constitute the knowledge system and China’s national conditions is becoming increasingly prominent；Second, major policy and practice-oriented localized evaluation theory has made great progress，Strong applicability but insufficient universality and academic rationality，Unable to contribute to a higher level knowledge system。The applied knowledge based on assessment issues and practices also fails to effectively accumulate theoretical and systematic knowledge according to the disciplinary framework，Not conducive to knowledge production、Knowledge aggregation and in-depth development of knowledge system。
一、The historical and disciplinary foundation of the construction of public policy evaluation knowledge system
The public policy evaluation knowledge system is a collection of several knowledge units formed around the deepening of the exclusive propositions of this discipline。Briefly, public policy evaluation includes three core propositions: (value) standards of judgment，Methods of data collection and analysis、Application (mode)，And corresponding reasoning logic。so far，The vast majority of evaluated application patterns are in the paradigm、Methodology、Value orientation、Dimensions such as the criteria for judging and evaluating conclusions show varying degrees of mixing。
The accumulation of knowledge in public policy evaluation is bidirectional。General research-based knowledge emphasizes both rigor and practicality，But knowledge as practical science needs to cross the double barriers w88 casino gamesof mutual transformation between scientific research and established practical fields。The knowledge transformation of public policy evaluation is bidirectional，Building knowledge through collaboration between researchers and practitioners，It is "knowledge generated in action"，Knowledge transformation is through practical experience、The process of improving skills into theory。
The public policy evaluation knowledge system shows the dynamic characteristics of evolving from low-level to high-level knowledge units in its development history。At the macro level，The content of the public policy evaluation knowledge system is an orderly collection of concepts and theories formed around three basic propositions。Compared with a more robust structure at the macro level，At the more micro level of each branch, new classifications are constantly evolving、Gradually deepen until complex knowledge units are formed，The internal association structure is dynamic。This is due to，Public policy evaluation is oriented towards solving complex problems，High flexibility in practice、Innovation and creativity，Usually with paradigm shifts and cross-disciplinary tools、The introduction of concepts and other continuous iterations into new knowledge structures。
二、The necessity of constructing China’s independent public policy evaluation knowledge system
Public policy evaluation is policy formulation and implementation、Basics for revision or termination，Plays an important role in the construction of the national governance system and the process of governance modernization。January 20, 2015，Office of the CPC Central Committee、Opinions on Strengthening the Construction of New Think Tanks with Chinese Characteristics issued by the State Council，Clearly proposes to establish and improve a policy evaluation system。October 31, 2019，The "Decision of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Several Major Issues Concerning Upholding and Improving the Socialist System with Chinese Characteristics and Advancing the Modernization of the National Governance System and Governance Capacity" proposes to improve the decision-making mechanism，Strengthening investigation and research on major decisions、Scientific Argument、Risk Assessment，Strengthen decision execution、Evaluation、Supervision。October 29, 2020，The "Recommendations of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Formulating the 14th Five-Year Plan for National Economic and Social Development and the Long-term Goals for 2035" proposes "improving the ex-ante evaluation and ex-post evaluation system for major policies"。General Secretary Xi Jinping emphasized，"Establish a scientific evaluation mechanism，Comprehensive assessment of the effects of the reform”，“Major reform measures affect the whole body，Must be prudent。Before the introduction of reform measures，Must be repeatedly demonstrated and scientifically evaluated，Strive to be effective”。
The introduction and establishment of the discipline of public policy evaluation began around 2000，The central task of the party and the country puts forward major theoretical and practical requirements for scientific decision-making，Public policy evaluation is beginning to receive attention as a job and a specialized field of study。The history of the evolution of China’s public policy evaluation knowledge system、The completion of the subject system and the development of the theoretical system are embedded in the modernization process of national governance，Important nodes in institutional w88 casino games loginreform and policy advancement have promoted the construction of assessment knowledge systems。
Evaluation theory as a concept or claim from a specific stance，is a specific solution to a fundamental problem in assessment practice，Has high situational applicability。Applicability is consistency，A system of evaluation rules and behaviors is embedded in the political-social structure，The concept of evaluation theory、Positions and opinions should be consistent with the values and culture of the system to which the decision-making process belongs、Formal system、Be consistent with rules and procedures，It is defined by the political community in which it is located and the national governance system of why and how it is evaluated。The applicability of Western evaluation theories to China’s national conditions，Mainly refers to whether it is consistent with the three major institutional elements of the evaluation system operation，That is, political system (regulatory elements)、Cultural traditions (cultural-cognitive elements) and values (normative elements)。
三、The basic framework of China’s independent public policy evaluation knowledge system
Academic systems and subject systems are both knowledge system structures presented in a classified manner。Although the formation and evolution of both systems are spontaneous，The subject system focuses more on institutional aspects，Serving the institutionalization of knowledge production。But，Real-world problems are not entirely organized and structured according to a single academic or disciplinary classification，Looking at the knowledge system from a multi-dimensional perspective will show different structures and evolutionary paths。Therefore，From the academic system framework、Three structured perspectives of subject system framework and interdisciplinary framework to describe the public policy evaluation knowledge system framework，More accurate and comprehensive。
The academic system is generative，It is a specific context and correlation structure that is gradually accumulated through theory around propositions。The position of a theory in the classification system reflects its logical position and unique contribution in the general framework。so far，The academic system composed of public policy evaluation theory presents basic theory、Three levels of knowledge construction and application model。
Discipline system is an artificial division mechanism of knowledge system，Can effectively perform organizational management functions in knowledge production。Building China’s independent public policy evaluation discipline system must start from China’s issues，But it cannot stop at individual iconic concepts and theoretical constructions，But it is necessary to further integrate norms and empirical evidence、System and elements、Theoretical Framework and Application Model、General theory and empirical evaluation and other multi-angle logic and levels。The disciplinary framework of China’s independent public policy evaluation knowledge system includes: (1) Evaluation value and function at the normative level。(2) Public policy evaluation system and components at the institutional level。(3) Meso-level public policy evaluation theory。(4) Public policy evaluation model at the application level。Assessment practices are diverse and complex，Based on the characteristics of the application field and other aspects, a special evaluation path design is usually formed, that w88 casino gamesis, the evaluation mode。(5) Public policy evaluation methods at the empirical level。(6) Evaluation norms and management at the ethical and cultural level。
From the sources of disciplines that constitute the basic theory of public policy evaluation，Interdisciplinary subjects mainly come from economics、Statistics、Political Science、Ethics、Public Administration、Public policy, etc.；If we look at specific policy areas，The discipline span and application scope of policy evaluation are very wide；But there is an integrated general theory for public policy evaluation，Applicable to a wide range of fields across disciplines。Public policy evaluation, as an interdisciplinary subject, has the particularity of theoretical innovation，That is, the endless emergence of complex evaluation questions constantly exposes disciplinary boundaries and implicit assumptions，Continuous theoretical integration (including paradigms) by transcending disciplinary boundaries but in a common direction、Mode、Tools、Methods, etc.) to establish new theories and knowledge。
four、The main way to construct China’s independent public policy evaluation knowledge system
With the rise of China’s comprehensive national strength and international social status，Leap from individual iconic concepts and local theoretical innovations to holistic theoretical explanations and macro-level、Complete independent knowledge system，It is the mission and responsibility given by the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation in the new era and new journey to the development of Chinese philosophy and social sciences。
The evolution of the public policy evaluation knowledge system is a spontaneous and conscious scientific exploration process，It is also the process of managing knowledge creation and institutionalizing knowledge production。Specific include: (1) Building China’s independent public policy evaluation knowledge system guided by Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era；(2) Actively absorb and transform the reasonable core of China’s excellent traditional culture，The subjectivity of knowledge system construction must be carried out with the Chinese spirit of being practical and practical，And transform and integrate knowledge where traditional culture and modern public policy evaluation fit in the system and structure。(3) Research summary, especially since the founding of the People’s Republic of China, especially since the new era, the practice of public policy evaluation has elevated it to theory。Based on Chinese practice、China problem，Form a more universal and forward-looking theoretical system and practical science，Be able to directly embed and lead the process of national governance modernization and the operation and exploration of the evaluation system with Chinese characteristics。Balancing autonomy and commensurability，Establishing practical science from "China explains the world" to "China serves the world"。(4)Learning、absorb、Learn from foreign public policy evaluation theories。China’s independent public policy evaluation knowledge system is open and inclusive，is built on the continuous development and condensation improvement of global public policy evaluation knowledge。First of all, theoretical innovation must be guided by system theory。Secondly，Deepen the typological analysis of the knowledge system at the theoretical level，It is crucial to establish an overall understanding of the knowledge system to clarify the stance and position (starting point) of the academic community's research，This is also an important way to build China’s independent public policy evaluation knowledge system。(5) Actively promote the institutionalization and organization of knowledge production for public w88 online casino bettingpolicy evaluation in China。
Zhang Yi，Professor, School of Government, University of International Business and Economics，Director of China Administration Society。Research direction is digital governance and supervision、Cooperative supply of public services、Public policy evaluation and case study methods, etc.。In Journal of Acia Public Policy、Published more than 40 papers in authoritative domestic and foreign journals such as "Management World" and "China Administration"，Multiple papers have been selected as high-impact papers in CNKI。
