(Source: Yidu EDU, Ministry of w88 slot Evaluation Center official account, November 23, 2023)

w88 slot evaluation is related to the direction of w88 slot development and the construction of a strong country in w88 slot. The evaluation baton is the school orientation.

Similar to the current evaluation model in my country, the UK's w88 slot also combines college self-evaluation with institutional external evaluation for specific implementation after determining the general evaluation framework, which has certain reference significance for my country's w88 slot.

2023 is the third year of the pilot implementation of my country's new high education evaluation index system, and the evaluations of seven pilot universities have also delivered answers. In the context of the new era, what angles can w88 slot work start from and what indicators will be focused on?

1. The stage characteristics of w88 slot in the UK

Divided according to the maturity of w88 slot, the UK's w88 slot can be divided into four stages based on time as a clue, namely: the budding period before 1991, the start-up period between 1991 and 2001, the development period between 2001 and 2011, and the stable period from 2011 to the present.

Stage characteristics of British w88 slot assessment

The British Higher w88 slot Evaluation was born in the second half of the 19th century. At that time, the UK's scientific and economic development gradually began to lag behind the United States and Germany. As the core department of talent training, universities began to receive more attention.

At this stage, the British government established the Board of Education and began to study the model of w88 slot. In 1964, with the development of the economy and cultural progress, the society's requirements for talent quality also increased accordingly. Against this background, the UK established the "National Academic Degree Review Committee (CNAA)" to be responsible for the review and award of degree majors in colleges and universities across the country.

In the late 1970s, due to the economic downturn, the UK's higher w88 slot funding was severely reduced, and universities were pushed to the market, and they had to further strengthen cooperation with the commercial sector for development. The main bodies of higher w88 slot evaluation began to gradually diversify. In 1983, the "College Presidents' Committee (CVCP)" and the "University Appropriations Committee (UCG)" jointly established the "Academic Standards Group" to focus on the evaluation models and standards of university teaching and management quality, kicking off the discussion and evaluation of the quality of British universities.

The systematic implementation of w88 slot in the UK began with the establishment of the "Higher Education Fund Committee (HEFCS)" in 1992. While taking over the quality and funding of all universities, HEFCS has established a "Quality Assessment Committee (QAC)" to specifically be responsible for the assessment of teaching quality in colleges and universities.

In 1993-1995 and 1995-2001, the UK conducted two rounds of higher education assessments, focusing on reviewing whether the academic standards and quality management procedures of the institutions are standardized, and through the assessment, ensuring the quality of the courses and degrees awarded to students and employers. In 1997, the UK established an independent "QAA" in Higher Education Quality Assurance Agency (QAA)" and no longer used foundations to evaluate. At this stage, the indicator system for w88 slot was gradually standardized and the model gradually matured.

With further popularization of higher education in the UK, in 2001, the UK began to adopt a new model of w88 slot - Institutional Audit. As the name suggests, this model pays more attention to the assessment and control of teaching quality by institutions themselves, and then the UK Higher Education Quality Assurance Agency evaluates the quality assurance work of institutions.

In March 2011, QAA officially announced the use of Insituational Evaluation in England and Northern Ireland to replace institutional review. Emphasizing student-centeredness increases the way students participate in the assessment of the school, and the quality assurance is flexible enough to adapt to public needs and the development of higher w88 slot.

2. The current w88 slot model of Cambridge University

In the early UK w88 slot, the evaluation model dominated by the government took the mainstream, and after the funding sources of colleges and universities were no longer entirely borne by the government, the evaluation subject gradually changed from the government-led model to the self-evaluation of schools, and emphasized the role of students and investors in it. The government has changed to the role of supervisor, providing a scientific and standardized framework for self-assessment in colleges and universities externally, and ensuring the rationality of self-assessment in colleges and universities.

In addition to the source of funds, British universities also have a long tradition of autonomy. This tradition prompts the school itself to be responsible for the quality and standards of its major and degree.

Based on the characteristics of British w88 slot, this article focuses on the University of Cambridge, a well-established British university, and analyzes its internal quality assurance system and external dynamic improvement mechanism. Taking this as an example, it presents the overall British w88 slot model.

University of Cambridge is one of the oldest universities in the UK. It has 31 independent colleges and 6 academic colleges. It is traditionally an autonomous school and attaches great importance to how to improve the quality of w88 slot and ensure the level of w88 slot. Under the conditions of independence and voluntaryness, Cambridge has built an internal quality assurance system, which combines it with external intervention in quality supervision to jointly ensure and improve its educational quality.

(I) Internal quality assurance system

(1) Organizational Structure

Cambridge's w88 slot Quality and Policy Office is responsible for all quality assurance provided by higher w88 slot, and is responsible for the formulation and implementation of w88 slot-related policies in the whole school. The specific work is carried out through the General Board w88 slot Committee and its subcommittees, and is carried out in cooperation with schools, departments and colleges.

Specifically, under the leadership of the Office of w88 slot Quality and Policy, Cambridge's w88 slot quality assessment consists of approval and consultation at multiple levels, with relatively diverse management subjects, mainly composed of the following parts (see the figure below):

Composition of the Educational Assessment Institution of the University of Cambridge

1. The General Board shall be responsible for supervising the school's educational policies and operating conditions, and shall be responsible for the Council and the Regent House. The General Council has 7 committees, of which the GB w88 slot Committee bears the most responsibilities in teaching evaluation. It directly connects with the departments in terms of innovation in teaching strategies, opening new curriculum, course content evaluation, teaching evaluation process, etc., and uses this as a basis to provide relevant suggestions to the General Council on basic matters of the w88 slot strategy.

2. The School Council is a coordinated organization of its departments and departments, responsible for strengthening the connection between departments and departments, allocating funds, and making suggestions to the Council on the resource needs and priorities of departments. By appointing members of the internal review team, the Board of Directors put forward opinions on the review report and is responsible for the overall quality.

3. The Regent House, as the democratic decision-making management agency in Cambridge, is responsible for the approval of major changes in teaching matters with the General Council; at the same time, it also expresses opinions and suggestions on proposals and holds the right to approve and vote.

4. The Faculty Boards and Degree Committees (Faculty Boards and Degree Committees), the Faculty Boards and Degree Committees, passed the w88 slot Committee, is responsible to the General Council in accordance with the law. The purpose of its establishment is to ensure that teaching is carried out reasonably and the teaching level reaches high standards. In addition to any subcommittee established for management teaching, the Directors of Studies Committees and the School Board should be formally consulted with the impact of the college’s teaching or resource allocation.

5. Teaching Committees, each college has a committee mainly responsible for overseeing teaching and learning issues, which can be the Teachers' Committee or the Degree Committee. In special circumstances, special teaching committees can also be entrusted to perform their duties.

6. Staff-student Joint Committees, the number of representatives of the teaching committee may be limited. In addition to the teaching committee, each college or department is expected to establish a committee composed of members of the lower and upper grades to raise issues related to curriculum teaching, student opinions, etc. on the committee.

(2) Quality Assurance Process

The department is the department that Cambridge University is responsible for teaching work, and it is also the department that determines the curriculum setting, teaching methods and teaching evaluation forms. Since 2023, Cambridge University has formed an institution evaluation model consisting of four links: w88 slot Monitoring and Review, course description, student investigation, and external examiner report. It will be implemented in specific terms based on departments and the school will ensure the effective implementation of the work.

1. Educational Monitoring and Review (EMR)

In 2023, Cambridge University officially began to use "w88 slot Monitoring and Review (EMR)" to replace the previously organized teaching assessment (Learning and Teaching Review) and Annual Programme Review (Annual Programme Review) that was organized every six years. This evaluation framework applies to any curriculum department, college and institution that provides scholarships, including all honors degree exams, master's and doctoral programs, and courses listed as "non-member awards" in the charter and regulations.

The implementation of this framework includes the following five stages (see the figure below), allowing our school to better share and learn from good practices between homologous disciplines and make up for the shortcomings in weak areas. By conducting regular review of courses and monitoring in a shorter time period, the purpose of improving teaching quality and enhancing academic level is achieved.

EMR execution step diagram

EMR is managed by the Office of w88 slot Quality and Policy and operates on a more flexible schedule. The timeline for submission and review of evaluation materials can be used in both standard and offset modes.

In general, each course at the University of Cambridge is reviewed at least every two years. Whether it is a standard model or a offset model, all newly opened courses must be reviewed immediately after the first report is completed to ensure the rationality of the course setting.

2. Programme Specifications

To ensure the rationality of the course opening and progress, the University of Cambridge has set up course instructions to outline the expected learning outcomes and standards of the entire course. The course description is used as a reference record for course completion, evaluation, monitoring and review, and is shared with students, internal and external examiners, professional statutory institutions, and academic reviewers.

The department sets up course instructions, on the one hand, to ensure that students can understand the purpose, learning results, course results, teaching methods, evaluation methods, and admission requirements of the course. On the other hand, through the openness and transparency of the information, it promotes the department's research and reflection on the purpose, content and teaching methods of the course, and further ensures the quality of the course.

3. University-wide surveys

While self-evaluation, Cambridge University has also participated in a number of national basic surveys to better provide a basis for teaching reform. Any issues found in the investigation will be submitted to relevant colleges, departments and departments, and then reviewed by the General Council to ensure the effectiveness of the reform content.

National Student Survey is one of the important survey projects that Cambridge University regularly participates in. It has been conducted annually since 2005 and is managed by external institution Ipsos MORI. The survey targets mainly third-year students nationwide. The survey requires students to evaluate their course quality satisfaction and rate the courses from 27 directions including learning opportunities, learning resources, and learning communities.

In addition to national surveys, Cambridge University also conducts regular surveys on students' quality evaluation of courses selected by their students in units of departments to understand their learning process.

Departments will reflect on their curriculum setting and reforms based on the results of the national student curriculum evaluation survey and on-campus survey, form a report and jointly evaluate it by the department and school departments to serve as the basis for subsequent teaching plan adjustments and teaching quality assessments.

4.Examiners' Reports

After the investigation and evaluation work is completed, Cambridge will regularly reflect on its evaluation methods and the performance of the surveyed personnel, respond to off-campus assessments, write reports, and provide feedback on targeted opinions put forward by the outside world.

(II) External dynamic improvement mechanism

In addition to the system of self-evaluation of colleges and universities, external standards formulation and supervision of colleges and universities are another important part of the evaluation of higher w88 slot in the UK. At present, the three most important organizations for external supervision are the Office for Students, Professional, Statutory and Regulatory Bodies and Quality Assurance Agency for Higher w88 slot.

(1) Office of Student Affairs (OFS)

In 2017, the British government stipulated in the Higher w88 slot and Research Act 2017 that the Office of Student Affairs (OFS), as the only higher w88 slot regulatory agency representing the government, conducts full-process and comprehensive supervision of the operating status of higher w88 slot institutions. At the same time, a systematic supervision system for higher w88 slot institutions with early prevention, formal intervention and strict punishment has been established.

In terms of supervision, British higher w88 slot institutions that comply with the provisions of the Higher w88 slot and Research Act (2017) must apply for registration with OFS. Registration with OFS is the only way for British higher w88 slot institutions to enter the market. OFS will first conduct a series of risk assessments for higher w88 slot institutions, and will continue to conduct risk assessments on registration conditions after registration to determine the degree of risk that registered higher w88 slot institutions violate one or more continuous registration conditions. The results of the risk assessment will provide a basis for whether OFS will conduct more intensive monitoring of higher w88 slot institutions or add more specific continuous registration conditions.

In 2017, OFS released the "Teaching Excellence Framework (TEF)" which is implemented around three core indicators (teaching quality, learning environment and learning results) and six specific indicators. The 6 indicators include course teaching, assessment and feedback, academic support, dropout rate, employment rate and continuing study rate, high-skilled employment rate and continuing study rate, and are updated once a year.

(2) Professional, Statutory and Regulatory Bodies

Cambridge University also established cooperative relationships with professional and legal regulatory agencies, such as the Medical Association (GMC), the Institute of Mechanical Engineers (IMechE), etc. PSPRBs regularly provide Cambridge University with useful feedback on teaching, curriculum and assessments. Departments respond to the feedback in a prescribed manner, and forward the report to the Office of w88 slot Quality and Policy, which is submitted to the Academic Standards and Improvement Committee for review to obtain professional certification of the course and enter the professional field.

(3)Quality Assurance Agency (QAA)

Although QAA is no longer responsible for reviewing higher w88 slot in England, it will still evaluate the quality of higher w88 slot institutions. Regularly provide a series of important standards and regulations for the development, management and review of British universities, including Cambridge, for their reference.

At the same time, QAA will also conduct a preliminary assessment of the new degree granting authority for higher w88 slot institutions. The content of the assessment is the credibility of self-assessment of higher w88 slot institutions. If the QAA determines that the self-assessment of higher w88 slot institutions is highly credible, it will feedback the results to OFS, and OFS will grant its degree granting authority within a three-year observation period.

3. my country's w88 slot model

Since my country launched w88 slot in 1985, after years of practice and exploration, my country's first regulation on w88 slot, namely the "Interim Provisions on Educational Assessment of Ordinary Higher Education Institutions", forming a system of higher education quality assessment indexes that combines three basic forms: qualification assessment, school-running assessment and excellent evaluation. It is also stipulated that the evaluation is "organized and implemented by people's governments at all levels and their education administrative departments."

my country's evaluation index system is characterized by the combination of scientificity and feasibility, democracy and concentration, sustainability and forward-looking, external evaluation and internal evaluation, and is characterized by strong operationality and qualitative and quantitative analysis. At the same time, based on objective evaluation standards and the actual situation of universities, the focus of evaluation is on "using evaluation to promote reform, using evaluation to promote construction, and using evaluation to promote management", which enhances the interactivity and initiative of universities in the evaluation process, and makes the existing higher w88 slot evaluation model adapt to the situation of higher w88 slot in my country.

However, due to the late start of the quality of higher education in my country, it also has a series of problems such as narrow development space for social intermediary institutions, a single evaluation index system, unfair and insufficient allocation of evaluation funds, weak scientificity of evaluation methods, and difficult to transform the utilization of evaluation results, which have affected the development and benefits of w88 slot. my country's newly issued "Implementation Plan for Undergraduate Education and Teaching Review and Evaluation of Ordinary Higher Education Institutions (2021-2025)" is conducted on a five-year cycle, and with the more complete "Evaluation and Evaluation Index System for Undergraduate Education and Teaching Review and Evaluation of Ordinary Higher Education Institutions" as the standard, pilot evaluation is conducted in seven universities of different levels, including Tsinghua University, Shanghai Jiaotong University, China Agricultural University, Anhui University, Liaoning University of Petroleum and Chemical Technology, Changshu Institute of Technology, and Quzhou University, to explore a new model of w88 slot suitable for my country.

4. Comparative analysis of two sets of higher w88 slot evaluation models

The evaluation model of higher w88 slot in China and the UK is the common product of higher w88 slot adapting to the times and the development of the market economy and political system. The overall goal is to encourage outstanding people in higher w88 slot institutions to continuously optimize, and those who fail to meet the standards. Due to the different national conditions of the two countries, the evaluation index system, inspection outline and evaluation standards for w88 slot goals, nature and task development also have some differences in details.

(1) Assess the differences in subjects

The management of higher w88 slot in the UK is jointly carried out by the British government and other interest groups, and state intervention and market regulation coexist, thus forming a dual evaluation system with the participation of the government and university stakeholders. At the same time, using the intermediary nature of the evaluation agency, an effective operating mechanism that organically combines internal and external evaluations has been established.

Relatively speaking, the w88 slot system that has been formed in my country for a long time is relatively single, and evaluation institutions are generally of official nature. The government-led assessment will be carried out to formulate and approve the setting standards for higher education institutions, supervise the school management level of higher education institutions, inspect and evaluate review and approval authority, and achieve the purpose of mastering and controlling the teaching quality of colleges and universities through unified organization and regulation.

(2) The content and task differences of evaluation

Whether it is a government assessment or an assessment by universities themselves, the British w88 slot mainly focuses on academic assessment, focusing on academic review, and emphasizing academic standards. The evaluation is mainly to guide the school's connotation development. It mainly focuses on the evaluation of different colleges on the school, concentrates its efforts to leap to the forefront of the country in one or several disciplines, and guides the school to improve the majors and disciplines that already have certain advantages.

my country's assessment has been based on schools for a long time, focusing more on improving the overall strength of schools. However, after the new evaluation standards were issued, my country's w88 slot has gradually increased its attention to a single discipline, and strived to establish a discipline system with its own characteristics in universities of different levels.

(3) Evaluation characteristics differences

Intermediary organizations in the British w88 slot system are the moderators between the government and universities, and take an indirect form to control national higher education. The British w88 slot has passed a system to ensure the participation of multiple subjects, and emphasizes more on the status and responsibilities of college students in the higher education quality assessment system.

After years of practice and exploration, my country has also begun to pay attention to mobilizing the enthusiasm and competitiveness of schools to actively carry out evaluations in the higher w88 slot system. The new indicator system is more refined and has put forward more detailed requirements for software and hardware. The evaluation standards are gradually differentiated, and universities that cultivate academic talents and applied talents will be distinguished, and they will be evaluated separately, with subject-oriented and students as the core.

It is worth noting that my country has also established an evaluation process of "evaluation application-school self-evaluation-expert review-conclusion feedback". This process is the same as in the UK in terms of quality control. It has both internal self-evaluation and itself evaluates under the framework of rules; external experts are also invited to conduct evaluation to further ensure the rationality of the evaluation. Make full use of my country's high efficiency in government organizations and the resources of government agencies to ensure the reliability and validity of evaluation.

References

1. Liu Xiaohong. Inspiration from foreign w88 slot system on my country's w88 slot[J]. Journal of Beijing Institute of Technology (Social Sciences Edition), 2004, (1): 14-16.

2. Wang Zhanjun, Liao Xiangyang, Zhou Xuejun. Problems and countermeasures in China's w88 slot practice [J]. Education Research at Tsinghua University. 2004, (06): 60-65.

3.https://www.educationalpolicy.admin.cam.ac.uk/

4.https://www.gov.cn/zhengce/zhengceku/2021-02/07/content_5585584.htm

5.https://www.gov.cn/zhengce/2021-02/07/content_5585686.htm